Na Mocheso o Ama Ts'ebetso ea Motlakase le Thermal?

Motlakaseconductivit/ye eme joalo kaparameter ea mantlhaho fisiks, k'hemistri le boenjiniere ba sejoale-joale, e nang le litlamorao tse kholo ho pholletsa le masimo,ho tloha ho tlhahiso ea boleng bo holimo ho isa ho ultra-precise microelectronics. Bohlokoa ba eona ba bohlokoa bo bakoa ke kamano ea eona e tobileng le ts'ebetso, ts'ebetso, le ts'epahalo ea litsamaiso tse ngata tsa motlakase le tsa mocheso.

Tlhaloso ena e qaqileng e sebetsa e le tataiso e pharaletseng ea ho utloisisa kamano e rarahaneng pakeng tsaconductivity ea motlakase (σ), conductivity ea mocheso(k), le mocheso (T). Ntle le moo, re tla hlahloba ka mokhoa o hlophisehileng boitšoaro ba litlelase tse fapaneng tsa lisebelisoa, ho tloha ho li-conductor tse tloaelehileng ho isa ho li-semiconductors tse khethehileng le li-insulators, joalo ka silevera, khauta, koporo, tšepe, tharollo le rabara, tse koalang lekhalo lipakeng tsa tsebo ea theory le lits'ebetso tsa indasteri tsa lefats'e.

Ha u qetile ho bala sena, u tla ba le kutloisiso e matla, e fapanengeathekamano ea mocheso, conductivity, le mocheso.

Tafole ea likateng:

1. Na mocheso o ama conductivity ea motlakase?

2. Na mocheso o ama conductivity ea mocheso?

3. Kamano pakeng tsa motlakase le mocheso conductivity

4. Conductivity vs chloride: phapang ea bohlokoa

I. Na mocheso o ama conductivity ea motlakase?

Potso, "Na mocheso o ama conductivity?" e arajoa ka ho hlaka: E.Mocheso o na le tšusumetso e matla, e itšetlehileng ka thepa ho tsamaiso ea motlakase le ea mocheso.Lits'ebetsong tsa bohlokoa tsa boenjiniere ho tloha phetisetsong ea matla ho ea ho ts'ebetso ea sensor, kamano ea mocheso le boitšoaro e laela ts'ebetso ea karolo, likarolo tse sebetsang hantle, le polokeho ea ts'ebetso.

Mocheso o ama joang conductivity?

Mocheso o fetola conductivity ka ho fetolaha bonolo hakakanglijari tsa thepa, joalo ka lielektrone kapa li-ion, kapa mocheso o tsamaea ka har'a thepa. Phello e fapane bakeng sa mofuta o mong le o mong oa thepa. Mona ke kamoo e sebetsang kateng, joalokaha e hlalositsoe ka ho hlaka:

1.Metals: conductivity e fokotseha ka mocheso o ntseng o phahama

Litšepe tsohle li tsamaisa ka li-electrone tse sa lefelloeng tse phallang habonolo ka mocheso o tloaelehileng. Ha li futhumala, liathomo tsa tšepe li thothomela ka matla le ho feta. Litšisinyeho tsena li sebetsa joalo ka litšitiso, li hasanya lielektrone le ho liehisa ho phalla ha tsona.

Haholo-holo, conductivity ea motlakase le ea mocheso e theoha butle-butle ha mocheso o ntse o phahama. Haufi le mocheso oa kamore, conductivity hangata e fokotseha~ 0.4% ka ho phahama ha 1°C.Ka papiso,ha keketseho ea 80 ° C e etsahala,tšepe lahleheloa25–30%ea conductivity ea bona ea pele.

Molao-motheo ona o sebelisoa haholo ts'ebetsong ea liindasteri, mohlala, libaka tse chesang li fokotsa matla a hona joale a sireletsehileng ho lithapo le ho theola mocheso o tlase lits'ebetsong tse pholileng.

2. Ho li-Semiconductors: conductivity e eketseha ka mocheso

Li-semiconductors li qala ka lielektrone tse tlanngoeng ka thata ka sebopeho sa thepa. Ha lithempereichara tse tlaase, ke tse seng kae feela tse khonang ho tsamaea ho jara hona joale.Ha mocheso o ntse o phahama, mocheso o fa lielektrone matla a lekaneng hore li ka itokolla le ho phalla. Ha ho futhumala, ho ntse ho e-ba le li-carriers tse ngata,ho matlafatsa conductivity haholo.

Ka mantsoe a bonolo haholoanyane, conductivity e nyoloha haholo, hangata e imena habeli 10-15 ° C maemong a tloaelehileng.Sena se thusa ts'ebetso ka mofuthu o itekanetseng empa se ka baka mathata haeba ho chesa haholo (ho lutla ho feteletseng), mohlala, komporo e ka senyeha haeba chip e hahiloeng ka semiconductor e futhumatsoa ho fihlela mocheso o phahameng.

3. Ho Electrolytes (Liquids kapa Gels ka Battery): conductivity e ntlafala ka mocheso

Batho ba bang ba ipotsa hore na mocheso o ama tharollo ea motlakase oa motlakase joang, 'me mona ke karolo ena. Li-electrolyte li tsamaisa li-ion tse tsamaeang ka har'a motsoako, ha serame se etsa hore maro a teteaneng a be botsoa, ​​​​e leng se etsang hore li-ion li tsamaee butle. Hammoho le ho phahama ha mocheso, mokelikeli ha o na viscous, kahoo li-ion li hasana ka potlako 'me li jara tjhaji ka mokhoa o atlehileng haholoanyane.

Ka kakaretso, conductivity e eketseha ka 2-3% ka 1 ° C ha ntho e 'ngoe le e' ngoe e fihla moeling oa eona. Ha mocheso o phahama ka ho feta 40 ° C, conductivity e theoha ~ 30%.

U ka fumana molao-motheo ona lefatšeng la 'nete, joalo ka lits'ebetso tse joalo ka libetri li tjhaja kapele ha mocheso o le mocheso, empa kotsi e ka ba kotsi haeba e futhumalitsoe haholo.

II. Na mocheso o ama conductivity ea mocheso?

Thermal conductivity, tekanyo ea hore na mocheso o tsamaea habonolo hakae har'a thepa, hangata e fokotseha ha mocheso o ntse o nyoloha linthong tse thata, leha boitšoaro bo fapana ho latela sebopeho sa thepa le tsela eo mocheso o tsamaisoang ka eona.

Litšepeng, mocheso o phalla haholo-holo ka li-electrone tse sa lefelloeng. Ha mocheso o ntse o eketseha, liathomo li thothomela ka matla le ho feta, li hasanya lielektrone tsena le ho senya tsela ea tsona, e leng ho fokotsang matla a thepa ea ho fetisetsa mocheso ka katleho.

Ka li-insulator tsa kristale, mocheso o tsamaea ka ho sisinyeha ha athomo tse tsejoang e le li-phonon. Lithempereichara tse phahameng li etsa hore ho thothomela hona ho matlafale, ho lebisang ho thulana khafetsa pakeng tsa liathomo le ho theoha ho hlakileng ha mocheso oa mocheso.

Leha ho le joalo, likhaseng, ho etsahala se fapaneng. Ha mocheso o ntse o phahama, limolek'hule li tsamaea ka potlako 'me li thula hangata, li fetisetsa matla pakeng tsa ho thulana ka katleho; ka hona, conductivity ea mocheso e eketseha.

Ho li-polymers le lino, ntlafatso e nyane e tloaelehile ka mocheso o ntseng o phahama. Maemo a futhumetseng a lumella liketane tsa limolek'hule hore li tsamaee ka bolokolohi le ho fokotsa viscosity, ho etsa hore ho be bonolo hore mocheso o fete ka har'a thepa.

III. Kamano lipakeng tsa conductivity ea motlakase le ea mocheso

Na ho na le kamano pakeng tsa conductivity ea mocheso le conductivity ea motlakase? U ka ’na ua ipotsa potso ena. Ha e le hantle, ho na le kamano e matla pakeng tsa motlakase le mocheso oa mocheso, leha ho le joalo khokahano ena e utloahala bakeng sa mefuta e itseng ea thepa, joalo ka litšepe.

1. Kamano e matla pakeng tsa conductivity ea motlakase le ea mocheso

Bakeng sa litšepe tse hloekileng (joaloka koporo, silevera le khauta), molao o bonolo o sebetsa:Haeba thepa e sebetsa hantle haholo ho tsamaiseng motlakase, e boetse e ntle haholo ho tsamaisa mocheso.Molao-motheo ona o tsoela pele ho itšetlehile ka ketsahalo ea ho arolelana elektronike.

Litšepeng, motlakase le mocheso li tsamaisoa haholo ke likaroloana tse tšoanang: li-electrone tse sa lefelloeng. Ke ka lebaka leo motlakase o phahameng oa motlakase o lebisang ho conductivity e phahameng ea mocheso maemong a itseng.

Bakeng sathemotlakasephalla,ha motlakase o sebelisoa, li-electrone tsena tse sa lefelloeng li tsamaea ka tsela e le 'ngoe, li nkile tefiso ea motlakase.

Ha ho tluoa tabengthemochesophalla, ntlha e ’ngoe ea tšepe e chesa ’me e ’ngoe ea bata, ’me tsona lielektrone tsena tse sa lefelloeng li tsamaea ka potlako sebakeng se chesang ’me li thula lielektrone tse liehang, ka potlako li fetisetsa matla (mocheso) sebakeng se batang.

Mokhoa ona o arolelanoang o bolela hore haeba tšepe e na le li-electrone tse ngata tse tsamaeang haholo (tse etsang hore e be motlakase o motle haholo), lielektrone tseo le tsona li sebetsa e le "lijari tsa mocheso" tse sebetsang hantle, tse hlalosoang ka molao ketheWiedemann-FranzMolao.

2. Kamano e fokolang pakeng tsa conductivity ea motlakase le ea mocheso

Kamano pakeng tsa conductivity ea motlakase le ea mocheso e fokolisa lisebelisoa moo tefiso le mocheso li tsamaisoang ke mekhoa e fapaneng.

IV. Conductivity vs chloride: phapang ea bohlokoa

Leha ho le joalo, conductivity ea motlakase le chloride mahloriso ke lintlha tsa bohlokoatlhahlobo ea boleng ba metsi, ba lekanya litšobotsi tse fapaneng haholo.

Boikhantšo

Conductivity ke tekanyo ea bokhoni ba tharollo ea ho fetisa motlakase. It lekanya thekakaretso ea li-ion tsohle tse qhibilihisitsoengka metsing, a kenyelletsang li-ion tse nang le qoso e ntle (cations) le li-ion tse qosoang hampe (anions).

Li-ion tsohle, joalo ka chloride (Cl^-sodium (Na⁺), calcium (Ca²⁺), bicarbonate, le sulfate, li kenya letsoho ho kakaretso ea conductivity me behiloe ka microSiemens per centimeter (µS/cm) kapa milliSiemens per centimeter (mS/cm).

Conductivity ke pontšo e potlakileng, e akaretsangeaKakaretsoMathata a qhibilihileng(TDS) le bohloeki ba metsi ka kakaretso kapa letsoai.

 Motsoako oa Chloride (Cl^-)

Chloride concentration ke tekanyo e itseng feela ea anion ea chloride e teng tharollong.E lekanya theboima ba li-ion tsa chloride feela(Cl^-) e teng, hangata e nkiloeng matsoai a kang sodium chloride (NaCl) kapa calcium chloride (CaCl)₂).

Tekanyo ena e etsoa ho sebelisoa mekhoa e ikhethileng joalo ka titration (mohlala, mokhoa oa Argentometric) kapa li-electrode tsa ion-selective (ISE)ka limiligrama ho litara (mg/L) kapa likarolo ho milione (ppm).

Maemo a chloride a bohlokoa bakeng sa ho lekola monyetla oa ho bola litsamaisong tsa indasteri (joalo ka liboiler kapa litora tsa ho pholisa) le ho lekola ho kenella ha letsoai phepelong ea metsi a nooang.

Ka bokhutšoanyane, chloride e kenya letsoho ho conductivity, empa conductivity ha e tobileng ho chloride.Haeba mahloriso a chloride a eketseha, conductivity eohle e tla eketseha.Leha ho le joalo, haeba kakaretso ea conductivity e eketseha, e ka ba ka lebaka la keketseho ea chloride, sulfate, sodium, kapa motsoako ofe kapa ofe oa li-ion tse ling.

Ka hona, conductivity e sebetsa e le sesebelisoa se sebetsang sa ho hlahloba (mohlala, haeba conductivity e le tlase, chloride e ka 'na ea e-ba tlaase), empa ho beha leihlo chloride ka ho khetheha bakeng sa ho bola kapa merero ea taolo, ho lokela ho sebelisoa tlhahlobo ea lik'hemik'hale tse lebisitsoeng.