Conductivity: Tlhaloso|Litekanyo| Litekanyo| Likopo
Motlakase conductivityke ntho e fetang hōle khopolo e sa bonahaleng; ke motheo oa mantlha oa lefats'e la rona le hokahaneng, 'me o matlafatsa ntho e 'ngoe le e 'ngoe ka khutso ho tloha ho lisebelisoa tsa morao-rao tsa elektroniki tse letsohong la hau ho isa litsing tse kholo tsa kabo ea motlakase tse bonesang litoropo tsa rona.
Bakeng sa lienjineri, litsebi tsa fisiks le bo-ramahlale ba lisebelisoa, kapa mang kapa mang ea batlang ho utloisisa boitšoaro ba taba ka 'nete, ho tseba ho sebetsa hantle ha ho ka buisanoa. Tataiso ena e tebileng ha e fane feela ka tlhaloso e nepahetseng ea conductivity empa e boetse e senola bohlokoa ba eona ba bohlokoa, e hlahloba lintlha tse e susumetsang, 'me e totobatsa lits'ebetso tsa eona tsa morao-rao likarolong tse fapaneng tse kang li-semiconductors, saense ea lintho tse bonahalang, le matla a tsosolositsoeng. Tobetsa feela ho hlahloba hore na ho utloisisa thepa ena ea bohlokoa ho ka fetola tsebo ea hau ea lefatše la motlakase joang.
Tafole ea likateng:
2. Lintlha tse Susumetsang Boitšoaro
4. Mokhoa oa ho lekanya Ts'ebetso: Equations
5. Lisebelisoa tse Sebelisitsoeng ho Lekanya Boitšoaro
Conductivity ke eng?
Conductivity ea motlakase (σ) ke thepa ea mantlha e lekanyang matla a thepa ho ts'ehetsa phallo ea matla a motlakase.. Ha e le hantle, e etsa qeto ea hore na bajari ba tjhaja habonolo, haholo-holo lielektrone tse sa lefelloeng ka tšepe, li ka tšela ntho e itseng. Tšobotsi ena ea bohlokoa ke motheo o tiileng oa lits'ebetso tse ngata ho tloha ho li-microprocessors ho isa litsing tsa motlakase tsa masepala.
E le karolo e lumellanang ea conductivity, resistivity ea motlakase (ρ) ke khanyetso ea phallo ea hona joale. Ka hona,khanyetso e tlaase e lumellana ka ho toba le conductivity e phahameng. Tekanyo e tloaelehileng ea machaba ea tekanyo ena ke Siemens ka mithara (S/m), leha li-millisiemens per centimeter (mS/cm) e sebelisoa hangata tlhahlobong ea lik'hemik'hale le tikoloho.
Conductivity vs. Resistivity: Conductor vs. Insulators
Exceptional conductivity (σ) e khetha thepa e le li-conductors, ha e bitsoa resistivity (ρ) e li etsa li-insulator tse loketseng. Hantle-ntle, phapang e kholo ho conductivity ea thepa e tsoa ho phapano ea ho fumaneha ha lik'hamera tsa mehala.
High Conductivity (Bakhanni)
Litšepe tse kang koporo le aluminium li bonts'a conductivity e phahameng haholo. Sena se bakoa ke sebopeho sa tsona sa athomo, se nang le 'leoatle' le leholo la lielektrone tsa valence tse tsamaeang habonolo tse sa tlangoang ka matla ho liathomo ka bomong. Thepa ena e li etsa tsa bohlokoa bakeng sa likhoele tsa motlakase, likhoele tsa phetisetso ea motlakase, le mesaletsa ea potoloho e phahameng haholo.
Haeba u labalabela ho tseba ho feta ha thepa ea motlakase, ikutloe u lokolohile ho bala poso e shebaneng le ho senola matla a motlakase a lisebelisoa tsohle tsa bophelo ba hau.
Low Conductivity (Li-insulators)
Lisebelisoa tse kang rabara, likhalase le lirafshoa li tsejoa e le li-insulators. Li na le li-electrone tse fokolang ho isa ho tse se nang mahala, tse hanyetsang ka matla ho feta ha motlakase. Tšobotsi ena e li etsa tsa bohlokoa bakeng sa polokeho, ho itšehla thajana, le ho thibela li-circuits tse khutšoane lits'ebetsong tsohle tsa motlakase.
Lintlha tse Susumetsang Boitšoaro
Motlakase oa motlakase ke thepa ea motheo, empa ho fapana le maikutlo a fosahetseng a tloaelehileng, hase ntho e tsitsitseng e tsitsitseng. Bokhoni ba thepa ea ho tsamaisa motlakase bo ka susumetsoa ka mokhoa o tebileng le ka mokhoa o boletsoeng esale pele ke mefuta e fapaneng ea tikoloho le boenjiniere bo nepahetseng ba sebopeho. Ho utloisisa lintlha tsena ke motheo oa theknoloji ea sejoale-joale ea elektroniki, ea kutlo le ea matla:
1. Kamoo Lintlha tsa ka Ntle li Susumetsang Boitšoaro
Tikoloho e haufi ea thepa e fana ka taolo e kholo holim'a motsamao oa bajari ba eona ba litefiso (hangata lielektrone kapa masoba). A re li hlahlobeng ka botlalo:
1. Liphello Tsa Mocheso: Tšusumetso ea Mocheso
Mocheso mohlomong ke oona o feto-fetohang ka ho fetisisa oa ho hanyetsa motlakase le conductivity.
Bakeng sa boholo ba litšepe tse hloekileng,conductivity ea fokotseha ha mocheso o ntse o phahama. Matla a futhumatsang a etsa hore liathomo tsa tšepe (crystal lattice) li thothomele ka boholo bo boholo, 'me ka lebaka leo, ho sisinyeha ha li-lattice tse matlafalitsoeng (kapa li-phonon) ho eketsa makhetlo a liketsahalo tse hasanyang, ho thibela ka katleho ho phalla ha lielektrone tsa valence. Ketsahalo ena e hlalosa hore na ke hobane'ng ha lithapo tse chesang haholo li lebisa ho lahleheloa ke matla.
Ka lehlakoreng le leng, ho li-semiconductors le li-insulators, conductivity e eketseha haholo ka mocheso o ntseng o phahama. Matla a futhumatsang a ekelitsoeng a hlasimolla lielektrone tse tsoang sehlopheng sa valence ho pholletsa le lekhalo la sehlopha le ho kena sehlopheng sa conduction, ka hona ho theha palo e kholo ea bajari ba litefiso tsa mehala le ho theola haholo matla a ho hanyetsa.
2. Khatello ea Mechini: Karolo ea Khatello le Mathata
Ho sebelisa khatello ea mochine ho ka fetola sebaka sa athomo le sebopeho sa kristale sa thepa, e leng eona e susumetsang conductivity, 'me sena ke ntho e makatsang ho li-piezoresistive sensors.
Lisebelisuoa tse ling, khatello ea khatello e qobella liathomo ho atamelana, ho matlafatsa ho kopana ha li-electron orbitals le ho etsa hore ho be bonolo ho tsamaea ha bajari ba tefiso, kahoo ba eketsa conductivity.
Linthong tse kang silicon, ho otlolla (ho tsitlella) kapa ho penya (khatello ea khatello) ho ka hlophisa bocha lihlopha tsa matla a elektronike, ho fetola boima bo sebetsang le ho tsamaea ha bajari ba litefiso. Phello ena e nepahetseng e ka sebelisoa ho li-gauge tsa khatello le li-transducer tsa khatello.
2. Kamoo ho se hloeke ho amang boitšoaro kateng
Sebakeng sa solid-state fisiks le microelectronics, taolo ea ho qetela holim'a thepa ea motlakase e finyelloa ka boenjiniere ba ho qapa, haholo-holo ka doping.
Doping ke kenyelletso e laoloang haholo ea ho sala morao palo ea liathomo tse itseng tsa litšila (tseo hangata li lekantsoeng ka likarolo ho milione) ho thepa e hloekisitsoeng haholo, e ka hare, e kang silicon kapa germanium.
Ts'ebetso ena ha e fetole conductivity feela; Ha e le hantle e hlophisa mofuta oa thepa le ho tsepamisa mohopolo ho theha boits'oaro bo sa lebelloang, bo sa bonahaleng ba motlakase bo hlokahalang bakeng sa komporo:
N-Type Doping (Negative)
Ho hlahisa element e nang le lielektrone tse ngata tsa valence (mohlala, Phosphorus kapa Arsenic, tse nang le 5) ho feta thepa ea moamoheli (mohlala, Silicon, e nang le 4). Elektrone e eketsehileng e fanoa habonolo ho sehlopha sa conduction, e leng se etsang hore elektrone e be mochine o ka sehloohong oa tefiso.
P-Type Doping (Positive)
Ho hlahisa element e nang le lielektrone tse fokolang tsa valence (mohlala, Boron kapa Gallium, tse nang le 3). Sena se etsa hore ho be le sekheo sa elektronike, kapa 'sekoti,' se sebetsang e le sejari se nepahetseng.
Bokhoni ba ho laola hantle conductivity ka doping ke enjene ea lilemo tsa dijithale:
Bakeng sa lisebelisoa tsa semiconductor, e sebelisetsoa ho thehap-nli-junctions, libaka tse sebetsang tsa li-diode le li-transistors, tse lumellang ho phalla hona joale ka tsela e le 'ngoe feela' me li sebetsa e le lisebelisoa tsa mantlha ho Lipotoloho Tse Kopanetsoeng (ICs).
Bakeng sa lisebelisoa tsa thermoelectric, taolo ea conductivity e bohlokoa bakeng sa ho leka-lekanya tlhokahalo ea tsamaiso e ntle ea motlakase (ho tsamaisa tjhaja) khahlano le conduction e mpe ea mocheso (ho boloka mocheso oa mocheso) lisebelisoa tse sebelisetsoang ho fehla matla le ho pholisa.
Ho latela pono ea kutlo e tsoetseng pele, lisebelisoa li ka fetoloa kapa tsa fetoloa lik'hemik'hale ho etsa li-chemiresistors, tseo conductivity ea tsona e fetohang haholo ha e tlama likhase kapa limolek'hule tse itseng, e leng motheo oa li-sensor tsa lik'hemik'hale tse hlokolosi haholo.
Kutloisiso le taolo e nepahetseng ea ts'ebetso e ntse e le bohlokoa bakeng sa ho nts'etsapele mahlale a morao-rao, ho netefatsa ts'ebetso e nepahetseng, le ho holisa katleho hoo e batlang e le karolo e 'ngoe le e 'ngoe ea mahlale le boenjiniere.
Lihlopha tsa conductivity
Tekanyetso ea SI bakeng sa conductivity ke Siemens ka mithara (S/m). Leha ho le joalo, libakeng tse ngata tsa indasteri le tsa laboratori, Siemens per centimeter (S/cm) ke setsi se tloaelehileng sa motheo. Hobane boleng ba conductivity bo ka akaretsa litaelo tse ngata tsa boholo, litekanyo li atisa ho hlalosoa ho sebelisoa lihloho:
1. microSiemens per centimeter (mS/cm) e sebelisetsoa maro a tlaase-conductivity joaloka metsi a deionized kapa reverse osmosis (RO).
2. milliSiemens per centimeter (mS/cm) e tloaelehile bakeng sa metsi a pompo, metsi a sebetsang, kapa litharollo tsa brackish(1 mS/cm = 1,000 μS/cm).
3. deciSiemens per meter (dS/m) e sebediswa hangata temong mme e lekana le mS/cm (1 dS/m = 1 mS/cm).
Mokhoa oa ho lekanya Ts'ebetso: Equations
Ameter conductivityha e lekanye conductivity ka kotloloho. Sebakeng seo, e lekanya conductance (ka Siemens) ebe e bala conductivity e sebelisa sensor-specific Cell Constant (K). Sena se sa fetohe (ka likarolo tsa cm-1) ke thepa ea 'mele ea geometry ea sensor. Palo ea mantlha ea sesebelisoa ke:
Conductivity (S/cm) = Mekhahlelo e Lekanyelitsoeng (S) × Cell Constant (K, ka cm⁻¹)
Mokhoa o sebelisoang ho fumana tekanyo ena o itšetlehile ka kopo. Mokhoa o tloaelehileng haholo o kenyelletsa li-sensor (Potentiometric), tse sebelisang li-electrode (hangata li-graphite kapa tšepe e sa hloekang) tse kopanang ka kotloloho le mokelikeli. Moralo o bonolo oa 2-electrode o sebetsa bakeng sa lits'ebetso tse tlase tsa conductivity joalo ka metsi a hloekileng. E tsoetseng pele haholoanyane 4-electrodelisensarafanaho nepahala ho phahameng ho pholletsa le mefuta e mengata e pharaletseng 'me ha ho bonolo ho hlaseloa ke liphoso ho tsoa ho litšila tse itekanetseng tsa li-electrode.
Bakeng sa litharollo tse thata, tse senyang, kapa tse tsamaisang haholo moo li-electrode li ka silafatsang kapa tsa senya, li-sensor tsa inductive (Toroidal) lia sebetsa. Li-sensor tsena tse sa amaneng le tsona li na le likhoele tse peli tsa maqeba a terata tse kentsoeng ka polymer e tšoarellang. Khoeli e le 'ngoe e etsa hore ho be le lupu ea motlakase ka har'a tharollo,' me khoele ea bobeli e lekanya boholo ba hona joale, bo lekanang ka ho toba le conductivity ea mokelikeli. Moralo ona o matla haholo kaha ha ho likarolo tsa tšepe tse pepesehileng ts'ebetsong.
Litekanyo tsa Boitšoaro le Mocheso
Litekanyo tsa conductivity li itšetlehile haholo ka mocheso. Ha mocheso oa mokelikeli o ntse o eketseha, li-ion tsa eona li tsamaea haholoanyane, e leng se etsang hore conductivity e lekantsoeng e phahame (hangata ka ~ 2% ho ° C). Ho etsa bonnete ba hore litekanyo li nepahetse ebile lia bapisa, li tlameha ho tloaeleha hore li be maemong a tloaelehileng a mocheso, e leng bokahohleng.25°C.
Limithara tsa sejoale-joale tsa conductivity li etsa tokiso ena ka bo eona li sebelisakopantswemochesokutlo. Ts'ebetso ena, e tsejoang e le Automatic Temperature Compensation (ATC), e sebelisa algorithm ea tokiso (joalo ka foromo ea mola.G 25 = G_t/[1+α(T-25)]) ho tlaleha conductivity joalokaha eka e lekantsoe ho 25°C.
Moo:
G₂₅= Conductivity e Lokisitsoeng ho 25 ° C;
G_t= Raw conductivity e lekantsoeng ka mocheso oa tshebetsoT;
T= Thempereichara ea tšebetso e lekantsoeng (ka °C);
α (alpha)= Mocheso oa mocheso oa tharollo (mohlala, 0.0191 kapa 1.91% / ° C bakeng sa tharollo ea NaCl).
Lekanya Conductivity ka Molao oa Ohm
Ohm's Law, lejoe la motheo la saense ea motlakase, e fana ka moralo o sebetsang oa ho lekanya boleng ba motlakase oa thepa (σ). Molao-motheo onae theha kamano e tobileng pakeng tsa motlakase (V), oa hona joale (I), le oa ho hanyetsa (R). Ka ho holisa molao ona hore o kenyelletse geometry ea 'mele ea thepa, ts'ebetso ea eona ea kahare e ka fumanoa.
Mohato oa pele ke ho sebelisa Molao oa Ohm (R = V/I) ho sampuli e itseng ea thepa. Sena se hloka ho nka litekanyo tse peli tse nepahetseng: motlakase o sebelisoang ho pholletsa le sampuli le hona joale o phallang ho eona ka lebaka leo. Karolelano ea litekanyetso tsena tse peli e fana ka khanyetso e felletseng ea sampole. Leha ho le joalo, khanyetso ena e lekantsoeng e tobane le boholo le sebōpeho sa sampole eo. Ho etsa hore boleng bona bo tloaelehe le ho tseba hore na thepa e sebetsa joang, motho o tlameha ho ikarabella bakeng sa boholo ba eona ba 'mele.
Lintlha tse peli tse mahlonoko tsa jiometri ke bolelele ba sampole (L) le sebaka sa eona se arohaneng (A). Lintho tsena li kopantsoe ka mokhoa o le mong: σ = L / (R^A).
Equation ena e fetolela ka nepo thepa e lekanyang, e kantle ea khanyetso ho ea motheo, thepa ea kahare ea conductivity. Ho bohlokoa ho hlokomela hore ho nepahala ha lipalo ho ipapisitse le boleng ba data ea pele. Liphoso life kapa life tsa liteko tsa ho metha V, I, L, kapa A li tla nyenyefatsa ho nepahala ha khomphutha ea conductivity.
Lisebelisoa tse Sebelisitsoeng ho Lekanya Boitšoaro
Taolong ea ts'ebetso ea indasteri, kalafo ea metsi, le tlhahiso ea lik'hemik'hale, conductivity ea motlakase ha se feela tekanyo e sa sebetseng; ke parameter ea bohlokoa ea taolo. Ho fumana lintlha tse nepahetseng, tse phetoang ha ho tsoe sesebelisoa se le seng, sa merero eohle. Ho e-na le hoo, e hloka ho aha tsamaiso e felletseng, e tsamaellanang moo karolo ka 'ngoe e khetheloang mosebetsi o itseng.
Sistimi e matla ea conductivity e na le likarolo tse peli tsa mantlha: molaoli (boko) le kutlo (likutlo), tseo ka bobeli li tlamehang ho ts'ehetsoa ka ho lekanya hantle le matšeliso.
1. The Core: The Conductivity Controller
Sebaka se bohareng sa tsamaiso ketheinthanetengmolaoli oa conductivity, e etsang ho fetang feela ho bontša boleng. Taolo ena e sebetsa e le "boko," e matlafatsa sensor, e sebetsana le lets'oao le tala, le ho etsa hore data e be le thuso. Mesebetsi ea eona ea bohlokoa e kenyelletsa tse latelang:
① Matšeliso a Mocheso a Ikemetseng (ATC)
Conductivity e ela hloko haholo mocheso. Molaoli oa indasteri, joalo kaSUP-TDS210-Bkapa eaboleng bo phahamengSUP-EC8.0, e sebelisa motsoako oa mocheso o kopaneng ho lokisa 'malo o mong le o mong ho khutlela boemong ba 25°C. Sena ke sa bohlokoa bakeng sa ho nepahala.
② Lintho tse hlahisoang le lialamo
Likarolo tsena li fetolela tekanyo hore e be lets'oao la 4-20mA bakeng sa PLC, kapa li-trigger relays bakeng sa lialamo le taolo ea pompo ea dosing.
③ Sehokelo sa Calibration
Molaoli o hlophisitsoe ka sebopeho sa software ho etsa li-calibrations tse tloaelehileng, tse bonolo.
2. Ho Khetha Sensor se nepahetseng
Karolo ea bohlokoa ka ho fetisisa ke khetho eo u e etsang mabapi le sensor (kapa probe), kaha theknoloji ea eona e tlameha ho lumellana le thepa ea mokelikeli oa hau. Ho sebelisa sensor e fosahetseng ke sesosa sa pele sa ho hloleha ho lekanya.
Bakeng sa Metsi a Hloekileng le RO Systems (Low Conductivity)
Bakeng sa lits'ebetso tse joalo ka reverse osmosis, metsi a silafalitsoeng, kapa metsi a phepelo ea liboli, mokelikeli o na le li-ion tse fokolang haholo. Mona, sensor ea conductivity ea li-electrode tse peli (joalo katheSUP-TDS7001) ke khetho e nepahetsengtolekanyaconductivity ea metsi. Moqapi oa eona o fana ka kutloisiso e phahameng le ho nepahala maemong ana a tlaase a conductivity.
Bakeng sa Morero oa Kakaretso le Metsi a Litšila (Bohareng ho isa ho Phahameng)
Litharollong tse litšila, tse nang le lintho tse tiileng tse emisitsoeng kapa tse nang le mefuta e mengata ea litekanyo (joalo ka metsi a litšila, metsi a pompo, kapa tlhahlobo ea tikoloho), li-sensor li atisa ho silafala. Boemong bo joalo, sensor ea conductivity ea electrode e mene e ratatheSUP-TDS7002 ke tharollo e phahameng. Moqapi ona ha o amehe haholo ke ho haha libaka tsa li-electrode, ho fana ka ho bala ho pharaletseng haholoanyane, ho tsitsitseng, le ho tšepahala haholoanyane maemong a fetohang.
Bakeng sa lik'hemik'hale tse thata le li-slurries (Aggressive & High conductivity)
Ha u lekanya mecha ea litaba e mabifi, e kang li-acids, bases, kapa abrasive slurries, li-electrode tsa tšepe tsa setso li tla senyeha ebe li hlōleha kapele. Tharollo ke "non-contact inductive" (toroidal) conductivity sensor joalo katheSUP-TDS6012lenane. Sensor ena e sebelisa li-coil tse peli tse kentsoeng ho kenya le ho lekanya metsi ka har'a mokelikeli ntle le karolo ea sensor e e amang. Sena se etsa hore e se ke ea bola, e silafatsoe le ho senyeha.
3. Ts'ebetso: Ho netefatsa ho nepahala ha nako e telele
Ho tšepahala ha sistimi ho bolokoa ka ts'ebetso e le 'ngoe ea bohlokoa: ho lekanya. Taolo le sensor, ho sa tsotelehe hore na e tsoetse pele hakae, e tlameha ho hlahlojoa khahlano le atsejoasesupotharollo(tekanyetso ea conductivity) ho netefatsa ho nepahala. Ts'ebetso ena e lefella ntho leha e le efe e nyane ea sensor e hoholehang kapa e fouling ka nako. Taolo e ntle, joalo katheSUP-TDS210-C, e etsa hore sena e be mokhoa o bonolo, o tsamaisoang ke menu.
Ho fihlela tekanyo e nepahetseng ea conductivity ke taba ea moralo o bohlale oa sistimi. E hloka ho tsamaisana le molaoli ea bohlale ea nang le theknoloji ea sensor e etselitsoeng ts'ebeliso ea hau e khethehileng.
Ke thepa efe e molemohali ea ho tsamaisa motlakase?
Lisebelisoa tse ntle ka ho fetisisa tsa ho tsamaisa motlakase ke silevera e hloekileng (Ag), e ithorisang ka motlakase o phahameng ka ho fetisisa oa ntho leha e le efe. Leha ho le joalo, litšenyehelo tsa eona tse phahameng le tšekamelo ea ho senya (oxidize) li fokotsa ts'ebeliso ea eona e atileng. Bakeng sa lisebelisoa tse ngata tse sebetsang, koporo (Cu) ke tekanyetso, kaha e fana ka conductivity ea bobeli ka ho fetisisa ka theko e tlaase haholo 'me e na le ductile e phahameng, e etsang hore e be e loketseng bakeng sa lithapo, li-motor le li-transformer.
Ka lehlakoreng le leng, khauta (Au), leha e sa sebetse hantle ho feta silevera le koporo, e bohlokoa ho lisebelisoa tsa elektroniki bakeng sa likhokahano tse bobebe, tse tlase hobane e na le khanyetso e phahameng ea kutu (chemical inertness), e thibelang ho senyeha ha matšoao ha nako e ntse e ea.
Qetellong, aluminium (Al) e sebelisoa bakeng sa melapo ea phetisetso ea nako e telele, e nang le matla a phahameng a matla hobane boima ba eona bo bobebe le theko e tlaase e fana ka melemo e mengata, ho sa tsotellehe conductivity ea eona e tlaase ka molumo ha e bapisoa le koporo.
Lisebelisoa tsa Conductivity
Joalo ka matla a kahare a thepa a ho fetisa motlakase, conductivity ea motlakase ke thepa ea mantlha e tsamaisang theknoloji. Ts'ebeliso ea eona e akaretsa ntho e 'ngoe le e' ngoe ho tloha meahong e meholo ea matla ho isa ho lisebelisoa tsa elektroniki tse nyane le tlhahlobo ea tikoloho. Ka tlase ke lits'ebetso tsa eona tsa bohlokoa moo thepa ena e leng bohlokoa:
Matla, Electronics, le Tlhahiso
Ts'ebetso e phahameng ke motheo oa lefats'e la rona la motlakase, athe conductivity e laoloang e le ea bohlokoa bakeng sa lits'ebetso tsa indasteri.
Phetiso ea Matla le Wiring
Lisebelisoa tse phahameng tsa conductivity tse kang koporo le aluminium ke maemo a tloaelehileng bakeng sa lithapo tsa motlakase le lithapo tsa motlakase tsa sebaka se selelele. Khanyetso ea bona e tlase e fokotsa I2R (Joule) tahlehelo ea ho futhumatsa, ho netefatsa phetiso e nepahetseng ea matla.
Electronics le Semiconductors
Boemong bo bonyenyane, mesaletsa ea conductive ho Liboto tse Hatisitsoeng tsa Potoloho (PCBs) le likhokahano li theha litsela tsa matšoao. Ho li-semiconductors, conductivity ea silicon e sebelisoa ka nepo (doped) ho theha li-transistors, motheo oa lipotoloho tsohle tsa sejoale-joale tse kopaneng.
Electrochemistry
Sebaka sena se itšetlehile ka conductivity ea ionic ea electrolyte. Molao-motheo ona ke enjene ea libeteri, lisele tsa mafura, le mekhoa ea indasteri e kang electroplating, ho hloekisa tšepe le tlhahiso ea chlorine.
Lisebelisoa tse Kopantsoeng
Li-conductive fillers (joaloka likhoele tsa k'habone kapa tsa tšepe) li eketsoa ho li-polymers ho etsa li-composite tse nang le thepa e itseng ea motlakase. Tsena li sebelisoa bakeng sa tšireletso ea motlakase (EMI) ho sireletsa lisebelisoa tse hlokolosi le bakeng sa ts'ireletso ea electrostatic discharge (ESD) tlhahisong.
Tlhokomelo, Tekanyo, le Tlhahlobo
Tekanyo ea conductivity e bohlokoa joalo ka thepa ka boeona, e sebetsa joalo ka sesebelisoa se matla sa tlhahlobo.
Tlhokomelo ea Boleng ba Metsi le Tikoloho
Tekanyo ea conductivity ke mokhoa oa mantlha oa ho lekola bohloeki ba metsi le letsoai. Ho tloha ha lihlahisoa tsa ionic li qhibilihile (TDS) ho eketsa conductivity ka kotloloho, li-sensor li sebelisoa ho lekola metsi a nooang,laolametsi a litšilaphekolo, le ho hlahloba bophelo bo botle ba mobu temong.
Tlhahlobo ea Bongaka
'Mele oa motho o sebetsa ka lipontšo tsa bioelectrical. Litheknoloji tsa bongaka tse kang Electrocardiography (ECG) le Electroencephalography (EEG) li sebetsa ka ho lekanya maqhubu a motlakase a motsotsoana a tsamaisoang ke li-ion 'meleng, e leng se lumellang ho lemoha maemo a pelo le methapo ea kutlo.
Li-Sensors tsa Taolo ea Ts'ebetso
Ka lik'hemik'haleledijotlhahiso, li-sensor tsa conductivity li sebelisoa ho lekola lits'ebetso ka nako ea nnete. Ba khona ho bona liphetoho tse teng ho tsepamisitsoeng maikutlo, ho tseba moo ho kopanang teng lipakeng tsa lino tse fapaneng (mohlala, lits'ebetsong tse hloekileng sebakeng), kapa ho lemosa ka litšila le tšilafalo.
FAQs
Q1: Phapang ke efe pakeng tsa conductivity le resistivity?
A: Conductivity (σ) ke bokhoni ba thepa ea ho lumella motlakase oa motlakase, o lekantsoeng ka Siemens ka mithara (S/m). Resistivity (ρ) ke bokhoni ba eona ba ho hanyetsa hona joale, bo lekantsoeng ka Ohm-meters (Ω⋅m). Ke li-reciprocals tsa lipalo tse tobileng (σ=1/ρ).
Q2: Ke hobane'ng ha tšepe e na le conductivity e phahameng?
A: Litšepe li sebelisa bonding ba tšepe, moo lielektrone tsa valence li sa tlangoang ho athomo efe kapa efe. Sena se etsa "leoatle la li-electrone" le sa tsitsang le tsamaeang ka bolokolohi ka har'a thepa, le etsa hore ho be bonolo ho theha motlakase ha motlakase o sebelisoa.
Q3: Na conductivity e ka fetoloa?
A: E, conductivity e na le maikutlo a phahameng haholo ho maemo a ka ntle. Lintho tse tloaelehileng haholo ke mocheso (ho nyoloha ha mocheso ho fokotsa conductivity ea tšepe empa ho e eketsa metsing) le ho ba teng ha litšila (tse sitisang ho phalla ha elektronike ka tšepe kapa ho eketsa li-ion metsing).
Q4: Ke eng e etsang hore lisebelisoa tse kang rabara le likhalase li be le li-insulator tse ntle?
A: Lisebelisoa tsena li na le litlamo tse matla tsa covalent kapa ionic moo lielektrone tsohle tsa valence li tšoaretsoeng ka thata. Kaha ha ho na li-electrone tse sa lefelloeng tse tsamaeang, li ke ke tsa tšehetsa motlakase. Sena se tsejoa e le ho ba le "lekhalo la sehlopha sa matla" se seholo haholo.
Q5: conductivity e lekanngoa joang ka metsing?
A: Metara e lekanya conductivity ea ionic ho tsoa matsoai a qhibilihisitsoeng. Probe ea eona e sebelisa motlakase oa AC metsing, e bakang li-ion tse qhibilihisitsoeng (joaloka Na+ kapa Cl-) ho sisinyeha le ho theha motlakase. Metara e lekanya hona joale, e lokisa mocheso ka bo eona, 'me e sebelisa "cell constant" ea sensor ho tlaleha boleng ba ho qetela (hangata ka μS/cm).
Nako ea poso: Oct-24-2025